The author wishes to thank all those who helped in the preparation of this report, and in particular David Pratt and Peter Brumby who as Directors General of ILCA commissioned it, Robert Wood who as Director of the Overseas Development Institute in London, when the author was on the staff of that Institute, encouraged him to undertake it, Ayele Gebre-Mariam, Noel Cossins, Gudrun Dahl, Johann Helland, John King and Dick Sandford who as official and unofficial referees made substantial and helpful comments on the draft, Richard Stewart for editorial assistance and a number of other colleagues in the Overseas Development Institute and ILCA who provided other assistance.